Article No.1
Looking spaceward,
feet firmly on the ground
Dr. K. Radhakrishnan,
Chairman of the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) and Secretary, Department
of Space, spoke to Madhumathi D.S. on the national space programme’s present
concerns and what is in store for it as it grapples with global competition and
rising internal demand.
Excerpts:
The national space programme
faces a double whammy: a transponder deficit on communication satellites and a
delay in achieving the capability to launch our own communication satellites.
How is ISRO addressing this problem?
First, I would like to
stress that applications are our thrust unlike, say, in Russia, the United
States or China which are after human space flights, space stations and such
activities. We are very clear about being down to earth.
We have a capacity
augmentation plan. Increasing capacity, enhancing capability and creating
advanced technologies, these are all taking place in parallel. Thanks to the
promotion of satellite communication and new services in it, there is a large
demand [for transponders]. One objective is to increase capacity in the Ku and
C bands. The other is to enhance capability, for example, with digital
multimedia broadcasting on GSAT-6.
To remain state-of-the-art
in communication satellites, we are going in for high power and higher
frequencies like the Ka band. A multi-beam system with 24 footprints and uplink
in the high-power Ka band will come with GSAT-11 in two years. Our target is to
be contemporary in this area in five or six years.
Then there are the GSAT-6, 7
and 11 series, and GSAT-15 and 16. In remote sensing, the continuity of
services is important for institutional and infrastructure planning, water
resources, agriculture, afforestation, disaster management and the like. You
need to improve spatial resolution from the present 0.8 metre to 0.6 metre and
0.3 metre. In microwave remote sensing we have to get into L, X and S bands.
We have two established
application areas in communication and remote sensing. Now navigation
satellites will add a new dimension of location-based services. Gagan is our
space-based augmentation to GPS mainly for the civil aviation sector. GSAT-10
carries the second of three Gagan payloads. The first satellite of our own
regional navigation system, the Indian Regional Navigational Satellite System,
will go in 2013.
What is being done to
mitigate the transponder shortage on Insat/GSATs for broadcasting and
telecommunication purposes? Of the 263 transponders available today, ISRO has
leased 95 on foreign satellites.
A [few] weeks ago we
released advertisements for leasing transponders because VSAT and
direct-to-home (DTH) operators require them. The process may take up to two
months. Today we are not talking about replacements of the leased capacity but
about how to meet requirements. We have 168 transponders of our own [provided
by the domestic Insat/GSAT fleet].
If you look at the upcoming
satellites, you get more than 100 [Indian] transponders [in the short term].
GSAT-10 [launched on September 29] is going to immediately give us 30
transponders from November onwards. GSAT-14 will give another 12 if [its launch
vehicle] GSLV performs well. GSAT-9 will mean another 12 transponders, GSAT-15
will add 24 in the Ku band and GSAT-16 another 36.
With these 100 transponders
being added, will the leases go back?
I don’t think they will go
back but the usage will be more. There is nothing wrong in using [them]
provided they are available at a reasonable price.
Has the queue for DTH
levelled out? There are seven DTH operators now and these and new players want
more satellite capacity.
India is a large market.
Today you have some 600 TV channels and DTH has revolutionised the services.
Every [broadcaster] is looking for enhanced capacity, because high-definition
TV is coming in. This is a worldwide phenomenon. There will always be some gap
between what they want and what is available. This is dynamic. The positive
thing is, the demand is very high today.
Where do we stand in the
launch vehicle programme, particularly the delayed GSLV?
If you look at the queue,
the GSLV cryogenic stage has to get ready and fly. The GSLV Mark III cryogenic
stage has to be developed and then the semi-cryogenic stage which is approved.
All are progressing. First we have to prove the GSLV. We had problems due to
small issues. There is nothing wrong with the vehicle per se, but the problems
were attributable to certain components. Of course, GSLV cryogenics have to be
developed and tested. The next thing is to improve the reliability of the
vehicle which will take us to [a capability to lift] 2.2-tonne satellites to
geostationary transfer orbits.
Cryogenic testing for the
next GSLV-D5 vehicle is going on. Two crucial tests have to be completed:
testing in vacuum and the endurance of the fuel booster turbo pump. If they are
successful we can say it is flying on the ground.
GSLV Mk III is making good
progress. It will take us to four tonnes. Its cryogenics are to be developed
fully. During the 12th Plan period we want to do two to three flights of Mk
III.
What improvements are
happening with communication and remote-sensing satellites? Our Insat/GSAT
communication satellites, for example, are in the 3,000-kg, 36-transponder
class, while the world has moved towards spacecraft double and triple that size
and capacity.
We, too, have to [do that].
Not [just] larger, it is in terms of power, bandwidth, mass and features like
having 100 transponders in one satellite. Whether it is six or ten tonnes is
one aspect, how much power it can carry is another.[Elsewhere]
today there are satellites with power levels of 16-17 kilowatts. From the
100-watt Ariane Passenger Payload Experiment (APPLE) experiment [in 1981], we
moved on to 5,500 watts of power in GSAT-8 [in 2011].
In 1995 we were the best
civilian remote sensing satellite operator with IRS 1C and 1D. TES and the
Cartosat-2 series have 0.8 m resolution. We, too, are getting to 0.6 m, 0.5 m
and better.
You have spoken of nearly 60
satellites and launch missions in the next five years, planetary exploration
and more. What are the plans for infrastructure and manpower to make future
programmes possible?
ISRO has to enhance
capability for the next five years. We also have to sow the seeds now for what
we will do 10 years on; for R&D, for future technologies. We need to
identify groups in the country and within the organisation for such activity.
The Space Research Complex
[coming up] on 540 acres in the Science City near Challakere in Chitradurga
will be ISRO’s resource for the next 25-50 years. What we will do there will
evolve in one or two years. It could be planetary explorations, space habitat;
astrobiology. The Department of Atomic Energy, the Defence Research &
Development Organisation, the Indian Institute of Science, ISRO and the
Karnataka government are working together there on a township and common
amenities.
Right from the 1980s our
manpower has remained around 16,000 while the number of missions has grown
because of the industry participation. That number will increase by 2,000-3,000
to both replace and supplement our people.
Because of the actions taken
in the 1970s on partnering the industry, today we have almost 500 firms
contributing to the space programme. Where things are standardised and
operational one can look for a larger role for industry in realising goals or
taking responsibility for it. This is a major initiative that we are working on.
